Roman Empire & Rise of Christianity (p. 159-178)

Section 2: From Republic to Empire (from p. 159)

• Before turning into an empire, Rome was governed by two triumvirates:
• First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, Crassus (rich man) and Pompey (general)
• Second Triumvirate: Marc Antony, Lepidus and Octavian (Caesar's adopted grand-nephew who was put there to be controlled by the senate).
• Since the Second Triumvirate eventually turned into an emperorship, Julius Caesar is considered the transition from the republic to the empire.
  

Asian Civilizations Review (Extra Credit Quiz)

• Gautama Buddha (India's religious leader, born 563 B.C.) and Confucius (China's philosopher, born 551 B.C.) are two men whose influence upon Asian life has endured strong for over 2,500 years; the fact that they lived around the same time is considered one of history's major coincidences.
• During this period, many other things were happening, for example:
• The prophet Ezequiel was setting the bases of monotheism for the Jews.
• Reforms which would lead to the Golden Age were being made in Athens.
• Romulus and Remus were beginning the village which would later be Rome.
• Buddha and Confucius' influences have caused Indian and Chinese civilizations to be more consistent than Western civilization.
• Buddhism and Hinduism are enduring influences in India.
• People that come from India are Indians, those who practice Hinduism are Hindus.
• Confucianism is an enduring influence in China.

World History I: Final Test Review

4.1: Early People of the Aegean
Minoans

• Minoan civilization developed on the island of Crete; they absorbed many ideas from older civilizations, like Egypt and Mesopotamia, as the Greeks would be influenced by them.
• This movement of ideas from east to west is hinted in the legend of Europa's kidnapping, in which Zeus (as a bull), kidnapped Europa while she was gathering flowers.  He carried her across the Mediterranean Sea to the island of Crete, the same way ideas moved.
• It is not known how the Minoans called themselves; this name was given by the British archeologist who unearthed their ruins, after their legendary king, Minos.

Greek Philosophers

The word "philosophers" means lovers of wisdom; these people explored subjects like math, music, logic, and rational thinking.  Some were also interested in ethics and morality and debated on what the best form of government was and what standards should rule our behavior.

Socrates

• Was an Athenian stonemason and philosopher.
• Did not have a lot of money; he was poor and usually dirty and badly dressed, yet he was very strong and an excellent soldier.
• Son of a poor stonecutter who provided him with the best education he could.
• Married Xanthippe, who was a very mean woman.
• Openly criticized Sophists because they charged money to teach and taught how to debate instead of how to think.
• Sophists were people who questioned accepted ideas; for them, success was more important than moral truth.  They developed skills in rhetoric (art of skillful speaking) and many young Athenians followed them after the Peloponnesian War.

Chapter 4, Sections 2 & 3 Review

Section 2
Vocabulary

1. polis: Greek city-state; consisted of a major city and its surrounding countryside
2. acropolis: highest and most fortified point within a Greek city-state where there were luxurious temples
3. citizen: free residents that shared a responsibility for their city-state's triumphs and defeats
4. monarchy: government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power
5. aristocracy: government in which a hereditary landholding elite rules
6. oligarchy: government in which a small, wealthy elite has the power
7. phalanx: massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
8. Sparta: distinguished Greek city-state in Laconia (south part of Peloponnesus) built by the Dorians that stressed military virtues and stern discipline, it was about the size of Connecticut (biggest polis)
9. Athens: distinguished Greek city-state in Attica (north of Peloponnesus) that extended political rights

Chapter 4: Ancient Greece - Review

Section 1

Vocabulary

1. Knossos: ancient Minoan city in the island of Crete; in this city was a vast palace where Minoan rulers lived
2. shrines: areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses; altar, chapel