English - Grammar Test Review

Parts of Speech (IVANCAPP)

• Interjections
• Verbs
• Adverbs
• Nouns
• Conjunctions
• Adjectives
• Prepositions
• Pronouns

Conjunctions

• Conjunctions are connecting words.
• They connect words or groups of words that are equal in importance and perform the same functions in a sentence. 
• Can be used to create:
• compound subjects
• compound predicates
• compound objects
• compound sentences
• There are three types of conjunctions
• coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
• correlative conjunctions (pairs)
• subordinate conjunctions (subordinate clauses)

Coordinating Conjunctions

1. for (add information)
2. and (joining or addition of similar ideas)
3. nor (choice between ideas)
4. but (contrast or difference between ideas)
5. or  (choice between ideas)
6. yet  (difference)
7. so  (add information)

•         Unite subjects, predicates, objects and sentences

Correlative Conjunctions

•         Used in pairs to establish a stronger connections between ideas than a coordinating conjunction.

1.          both - and
2.          not only - and
3.          either - or
4.          neither - nor
5.          whether - or

Subordinate Conjunctions

1.         after
2.         although
3.         as
4.         because
5.         before
6.         if
7.        since
8.        though
9.         unless
10.         when
11.         where
12.         whereas
13.         while
14.         which
15.         who
16.         as
17.         that
18.         so that
19. 
    

Kinds of Sentences

•         Declarative – makes a statement.  It ends with a period.
•         Interrogative- asks a question. It ends with a question mark. (?)
•         Imperative- gives a command or makes a request. It ends in a period.
•         Exclamatory- expresses strong feeling.  It ends with an exclamation point. (!)

Sentence Structure

•         A sentence is a complete thought (independent clause).
•         Most sentences begin with the subject and end with the predicate.
•         Some sentences do not specify the subject.  These sentences are usually imperative sentences.  The subject is you understood. (You)

1. Simple Sentence - complete thought, has a subject and a predicate, can be in inverted order (usually questions), sometimes the subject is you understood, can also be called independent clauses

2. Compound Sentence - 2 simple sentences united by either a conjunction preceded by a coma, or a semicolon (;), when incorrect punctuation is used it is called a run-on sentence.

• • The teacher explained the types of sentences (,and or ;) she gave us a quiz

3. Complex Sentence - 1 simple sentence (independependent clause) and a fragment (phrase, verbal clause, dependent clause)

• • Since I started studying, my grades have improved.
  • Fragment - since I started studying
  • Sentence - My grades have improved.

4. Complex-Compound Sentence - two or more independent clauses with one or more subordinate clause

• • When Jeff ran for president, I planned his campaign, and I designed the logo he used.

5. Run-On Sentence - two or more independent clauses with incorrect punctuation.

• • Chrisholm ran for president she lost the primaries.

6. Sentence Fragment - a group of words that does not have a complete thought

• In his history book

7. Inverted Order Sentence - sentence that doesn't follow the usual order (subject before predicate)

•         Here and there are never subjects.

Resources:

•         PowerPoint