Poetry Review

Vocabulary

1. poetry - rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination, usually arranged in lines and often has a regular pattern of rhythm or a rhyme scheme
2. stanza - a group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit of thought, it is the equivalent to a paragraph in poetry
3. couplet - two successive lines of poetry
4. quatrain - four line units
5. refrain - repeated sound, word, phrase, line or group of lines (like a chorus)
6. meter - a pattern of stressed (/) and unstressed (u) syllables in poetry
7. scanning - indicating the stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem
8. rhyme - repetition of accented vowel sounds and all sounds following them in words that are close together in a poem
9. rhythm - musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables or other sound patterns
10. iamb - a unit of measure consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
11. Iambic Pentameter - line of poetry that contains five iambs
12. imagery - language that appeals to the senses
13. onomatopoeia - use of words whose sound imitate or suggest their meaning
14. figures of speech - word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another, but is not literally true; the most common figures are simile, metaphor and personification
15. personification - giving an object or animal human characteristics
16. simile - comparing two unlike things using a word such as like, as, than, or resembles
17. metaphor - an imaginative comparison between two unlike things in which one thing is said to be another (no linking word)
• extended metaphor - is a metaphor developed over several lines in a poem
• dead metaphor - is a metaphor that is used so often we don't see it as a figure of speech
• implied metaphor - is an indirect metaphor
• mixed metaphor - is the inconsistent use of two or more metaphors, common problem of bad writing and often unintentionally funny
18. hyperbole - a humorous exaggeration
19. alliteration - repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close together
20. assonance - repetition of similar vowel sounds in words that are close in a poem
21. Ballad - songlike poems that tell a story
22. Epic - long poem that tells adventures of heroes
23. Lyric - short poem that expresses feelings or thought
24. Narrative - poem that tells a story
25. Free Verse - poetry that has no rhyme and is generally arranged in lines
26. Prose Poem - compact and rhythmic composition written in paragraph form that uses figures of speech
27. Sonnet - fourteen-line poem usually written in iambic pentameter that rhymes
28. Shakespearean Sonnet - poetry written in three quatrains where lines one and three, and lines two and four rhyme and a concluding couplet
29. Limerick - short, humorous or nonsensical poem that is believed to be Irish
30. Haiku - most famous form of Japanese poetry
31. Concrete Poem - a poem that takes the shape of an object which you are talking about
32. Cinquain - five line poem that has no rhyme, each line has a specific number of words and syllables
33. Meter - a pattern of stressed (/) and unstressed (u) syllables in poetry
34. poet laureate - very famous and recognized poet (like Robert Frost)

Structure of Poems

• Poetry is a kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery. It is usually arranged in lines and often has a regular pattern of rhythm. It sometimes has a rhyme scheme too.
• Poems may be written in different structures, they may be written in:
• stanzas - group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit of thought (paragraphs)
• couplets - two successive lines in poetry that are equally long and may rhyme
• quatrains - four line units where lines one and three and two and four rhyme (abab)
• Refrain is the repeated sound, word, phrase, line or group of lines. This is the equivalent to a chorus, and it may be used to:
• build rhythm
• provide emphasis or commentary
• create suspense
• hold a work together
• Poetry that has no pattern of rhythm or rhyme is called free verse. The poet may try to capture the natural rhythm of an ordinary conversation. They're generally arranged in lines, and commonly use:
• internal rhyme (rhyme inside the poem, not at the end of the lines)
• repetition
• alliteration (repetition of consonant sounds)
• onomatopoeia (use of words to imitate)
• imagery
• metaphors (comparing without a linking word)
• similes (comparing with a linking word)

Types of Poems

• There are four types of poems which are the most famous. These are:
• ballads - songlike poem that tells stories of tragedy or adventure using simple language and a lot of repetition, usually have rhythm and rhyme
• epics - long poems that tell the adventures of heroes, are written with majestic style
• lyrics - short poems that express the feelings or thoughts of a speaker, expresses emotions
• narratives - poems that tell a story

Forms of Poems

• Prose poems are compact and rhythmic compositions written in paragraph form. It uses vivid figures of speech.
• Sonnets are fourteen-line lyric poems that are usually written with the iambic pentameter. There are two kinds:
• Petrarchian or Italian Sonnet
• Shakespearean Sonnet (three quatrains and a concluding couplet)
• Limericks are short, humorous or nonsensical poems that have five lines that have a definite rhythm of thirteen beats and a definite rhyme scheme (aabba). Are believed to have originated in Ireland; they have Irish origins.
• Haikus are the most famous forms of Japanese poetry that have seventeen syllables (five in lines one and three and seven in line two). Haikus are three-line snapshots of emotions relating to nature.
• Concrete poems are poems that takes the shape of the object about which you're expressing your thoughts, ideas or feelings.
• Cinquains are five-line poems that have no rhyme. Each line of a cinquain has a specific amount of words and a specific amount of syllables and a part of speech requirement. There are two types:
• traditional cinquain (based on syllable count)
• modern cinquain (based on a word count of words of a certain type)

Elements of Poetry

• Meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. Stressed syllables are marked with the (/) symbol, and unstressed ones with a curved symbol, similar to the letter u. When you indicate the stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem, you are scanning it.
• Rhyme is the repetition of accented vowel sounds and all the sounds following them in words that are close together in a poem. There are four different types of rhymes, these are:
• end rhymes (rhyme scheme)
• I have to speak, I must, I should, I ought
• I'd tell you how I love you if I thought
• internal rhyme
• Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning.
• approximate rhymes (words that almost rhyme, pronunciation may be modified to create rhyme)
• leave - live
• field - held
• visual rhymes (look like they rhyme, but they don't)
• through - cough
• Rhythm is the musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllable, and certain other sound patterns. There are two ways of creating rhythm:
• by the regular repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables
• by repeating words and phrases, or even by repeating whole lines and sentences
• The Iambic Pentameter is a line of poetry that contains five iambs.
• An iamb is a unit of measurement used in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
• Imagery is language that appeals to the senses. Imagery can appeal to:
• visual (most images)
• touch
• hearing
• smell
• taste
• several senses at once
• Onomatopoeia is the use of words whose sounds imitate something.
• And in the hush of the waters...
• Figures of speech are words and phrases that describe one thing in terms of another. It is not meant to be taken literally. The most common figures of speech are:
• similes (comparison between unlike things using words such as like, as, than, or resembles)
• metaphors (imaginative comparison with no linking word)
• extended metaphors (developed over several lines)
• dead metaphors (is not recognized because of frequent use)
• implied metaphor (does not tell us directly that one thing is something else)
• mixed metaphor (inconsistent use of two or more metaphors, it's a problem of bad writing and is sometimes unintentionally funny)
• personifications (giving an object or an animal human feelings, thoughts or attitudes)
• Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close together.
• Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds in words that are close together.
• Hyperbole is an exaggeration used to create humor.

Famous Poems

Lyrical

• The Bat - Theodore Roethke (Lyrical)
• Graduation Morning - Pat Mora (Lyrical)
• If I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking - Emily Dickinson (Lyrical)
• Mooses - Ted Hughes (Lyrical)
• The Pasture - Robert Frost (Lyrical)
• Sarah Cynthia Silvia Stout Would Not Take The Garbage Out - Shel Silverstein (Lyrical)
• A Time to Talk - Robert Frost (Lyrical)

Narrative

• Casey at the Bat - Ernest Lawrence Thayer (Narrative)
• The Highwayman - Alfred Noyes (Narrative)

Ballad

• Ode to an Artichoke - Pablo Neruda (Ballad)

Epics

• Iliad - Greek (Epic)
• Odyssey - Greek (Epic)
• Aeneid - Roman (Epic)
• El Cantar del Mío Cid - Spanish (Epic)
• Beowulf - English (Epic)
• Gilgamesh - Mesopotamian (Epic)

NOTE THIS IS JUST A REVIEW. REMEMBER TO STUDY FROM YOUR NOTES AND THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION GIVEN BY THE TEACHER.

Meter

Rhyme Scheme

Verbs Test Review

• I The verb is the key work in the predicate; it tells what the subject of the sentence is, has, does or feels.
• Some examples of verbs are:
• Burt works at the park.
• Mary trims the trees.
• The doctor loves his job.
• Most verbs are action verbs. Some action verbs refer to physical action, while others refer to mental action.
• Some examples of action verbs are:
• The gardener feeds the ducks. (physical action)
• They think she is awesome! (mental action)
• Other verbs are being verbs. These do not refer to action, they just tell what the subject is.
• The most common being verbs are forms of be itself. (are, am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been). There are some other verbs that can express a state of being as well as being used as action verbs (appear, become, feel, grow, look, seem, remain, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn).
• Some examples of being verbs are:
• She is the most famous actress in the world.
• The yellow tiger seems very happy.
• Verbs that express a state of being can sometimes be used as linking verbs. These verbs connect the subject with a noun or adjective in the predicate that names or describes the subject. These verbs can be replaced with an equal sign (=).
• Some examples of linking verbs are:
• Peanut is a toad. (links Peanut with toad, making toad the predicate nominative)
• Peanut is tiny. (links Peanut with tiny, making tiny the predicate adjective)
• Sometimes the verb in a sentence is made up of more than one word. These groups of words that act as a single verb are called verb phrases; they consist of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb.
• Some examples of verb phrases are:
• She has won the competition. (has is the helping verb, won is the main verb)
• They have been gathering at the supermarket every week. (have and been are helping verbs, gathering is the main verb)
• There are many helping verbs, but some are the most common (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, has, have, had, can, could, will, would, might, may, shall, should, does, do, did). Some verbs can be used as either helping verbs or main verbs.
• Sometimes words that don't belong come in between a verb phrase; these are called interrupters. These are not part of the verb phrase.
• Some examples of verb phrases with interrupters are:
• Can you see the blue sky? (can see)
• I have not been outside lately. (have been)
• Don't go out into this weather. (do go)
• Verbs that are alone, or in simple form, can be found in three tenses (present, past, future).
• Some examples of simple verbs are:
• She laughs at the joke. (present tense, happening right now)
• They heard the dog barking last week. (past tense, already happened)
• She will come home next Saturday. (future tense, will happen later)
• There are also certain rules to form these verbs in these tenses, these are:
• In the present tense;
• to make most verbs singulars add -s (walk - walks)
• to make a verb that ends in s, sh, x, z or ch singular add es (watch - watches)
• to make a verb that ends in a consonant and y singular, change the y to i and add es (cry - cries)
• when the subject is plural, do not change the form of the verb (run - run)
• In the past tense;
• for most verbs, add ed (talk - talked)
• when a short verb ends in b, d, g, l, m, n, p, r or t, double the consonant and add ed (hug - hugged)
• when a verb ends in e, drop the e and add ed (hope - hoped)
• when a verb ends in a consonant and y, change the y to i and add ed (try - tried)
• In the future tense;
• use the basic form of the verb with the helping verb will or shall (will run, shall eat)
• Since or and nor offer options when choosing the verb, you have to look at the subject nearest to the verb to determine if you're going to use a singular or plural verb.
• Some examples of sentence subjects with or and nor are:
• My parents or my brother is going to pick me up.
• My brother or my parents are going to pick me up.
• Be, have, and do are the most frequently used verbs. There are no simple rules for forming their tenses.

• Each verb has four basic forms called principal parts, these are:
• the infinitive verb (normal) - paint, touch, carry, love
• the present participle (preceded by am, is or are) - painting, touching, carrying, loving
• the past verb (already happened) - painted, touched, carried, loved
• the past participle (preceded by have or has) - painted, touched, carried, loved
• Other verbs are in perfect tense, these are also found in present, past or future. We must also follow certain rules when writing them.
• In the present perfect tense the action occurred at an indefinite time in the past and it may still be going on.
• Some examples of verbs in present perfect tense are:
• The teacher has explained the material very well.
• In the past perfect tense the action occurred in the past and it was already completed before another action took place.
• Some examples of verbs in past perfect tense are:
• The teacher had explained the material very well before the class ended.
• In the future perfect tense the action hasn't occurred, it will be completed before another action in the future:
• Some examples of verbs in future perfect tense are:
• The teacher will have explained the material very well before the class ends.
• Some verbs do not follow a regular pattern when forming their tenses, these verbs are called irregular verbs. There are many of these, but be, have, and do are the most irregular. (reference the irregular verbs list on edline)

• Some verbs express action in progress; they are called progressive verbs. The progressive isn't a separate tense, but an additional form for each of the six tenses. These forms are made up of a form of be and the present participle. The helping verb shows the tense.
• An example of a present progressive verb is;
• We are studying plants in school now.
• An example of a past progressive verb is;
• We were studying plants when the bell rang.
• An example of a future progressive verb is;
• We will be studying plants again tomorrow.
• An example of a present perfect progressive verb is;
• We have been studying plants for several days.
• An example of a past perfect progressive verb is;
• We had been studying plants for only a day when we had our field trip.
• An example of a future perfect progressive verb is;
• We will have been studying plants for weeks by the time our project is done.
• There are action verbs that send the action to a noun or pronoun in the predicate, these are called transitive verbs. The noun or pronoun that receives that action is the direct object, the direct object answers who? or what?.
• An example of a transitive verb is;
• Paula hit the ball over the wall.
• Not all action verbs send their action to a noun or pronoun, the ones that don't are called intransitive verbs. All linking verbs are intransitive.
• Some examples of intransitive verbs are;
• The crowd applauded.
• People cheered wildly. (wildly is an adverb)
• Action verbs may be in active voice (when the subject is the doer), or in passive voice (when the subject is the receiver of the action). The main verb is in the past participle form with a form of the verb to be in present, past, or future.
• An example of a verb in active voice is;
• Zebras surrounded the bus.
• An example of a verb in passive voice is;
• The bus was surrounded by zebras.
• Subjects and verbs must always agree in number, there must be a subject-verb agreement. You must use a singular verb (ends in s) with a singular subject and a plural verb with a plural subject. The pronoun I may be an exception and considered as plural.

THIS REVIEW IS BASED OFF THE TEACHER'S POWER POINT PRESENTATION. IT IS ONLY A REVIEW. YOU MUST ALSO STUDY FROM THE IRREGULAR VERBS LIST AND REVIEW YOUR NOTES.

English Final Review (December)

Vocabulary

1. acute - keen and alert
2. acquit - declare not guilty
3. apparel - clothing; to put clothes on
4. arid - extremely dry
5. assailant - person who attacks
6. barrage - rapid outpouring of something
7. befuddle - to confuse
8. besiege - to attack; to cause worry
9. bigot - prejudiced person (racist)
10. billow - a large wave; surge
11. blight - a disease that causes plants to wither and die;ruin
12. bluster - talk in a noisy way; speech that is loud and threatening.
13. boisterous - loud and high-spirited
14. contemporary - from the same time
15. deem - to have an opinion
16. denounce - to accuse formally
17. depict - to portray
18. designate - to indicate; selected but not yet installed
19. douse - drench
20. eerie - mysterious; creepy
21. famished - starving
22. forsake - renounce
23. fray - a brawl; make rugged or worn
24. gloat - to take great personal joy in
25. gory - slaughter
26. headstrong - stubborn
27. ingenious -clever
28. irk - to annoy
29. keepsake -a souvenir
30. limber - flexible
31. oaf -a stupid person
32. pacify - to make peaceful
33. petty - insignificant
34. plight - a sorry condition
35. queue - line
36. reimburse - pay back
37. reveries - a fantasy
38. ruffle - to wrinkle; a material used for trimming edges.
39. sage - a very person
40. smug - self-righteous
41. synopsis - a summary
42. tarry - to linger
43. topple -  to fall forward
44. waylay - ambush
45. wither -  to dry up

Nouns

• Nouns are words that name persons, places, things, ideas or concepts.
• All nouns have at least 4 classifications. Some nouns have a fifth classification, these classifications are:

1. common (general) or proper (specific) (Proper nouns are always capitalized)
• examples: car (common), Ferrari (proper)
2. concrete (can be perceived with the senses) or abstract (cannot be perceived by the senses)
• examples: kiss (concrete), love (abstract)
3. simple (one word) or compound (2 or more words; hyphenated)
• examples: cake (simple), cupcake (compound)
4. singular (one) or plural (more than one)
• bird (singular), birds (plural)
5. collective (represents a group in singular form)
• flock of birds, herd of sheep

• We have to take several rules into consideration when making plurals, some rules may have exception though. These rules are:

1. Most nouns make their plural by adding s
• cat - cats
• mop - mops
• people - peoples
• computer - computers
• bag - bags
2. Most nouns that end in s, sh, ch, x and z form their plurals by adding es
• kiss - kisses
• church - churches
• brush - brushes
• fox - foxes
• buzz - buzzes
• exception: ox - oxen
3. Words that end in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and add es
• fry - fries
• fly - flies
• party - parties
4. Most nouns that end in f or fe, change the f v and add s or es
• wolf - wolves
• wife - wives
• exception: chef - chefs
• exception: cuff - cuffs
5. Most nouns that end in o, add es to form the plural
• potato - potatoes
• exception: piano - pianos
6. Some nouns have a different, or irregular plural
• child - children
• man - men
• foot - feet
• mouse - mice
• goose - geese
7. Some nouns have the same singular and plural form
• sheep
• deer
• salmon
• moose
8. Some nouns look plural but are considered singular
• news
• measles
• mumps
• mathematics
• physics
• United States
9. Some nouns only have a plural
• pants
• scissors
10. Plurals of letters and numbers use an apostrophe
• A's
• 3's
• a's

Verbs

• There are two main types of verbs, which are action verbs and linking verbs. Each has a specific function.
• action verbs - express an action, which may be physical (ex. ran) or mental (ex. thought)
• example: She bought three dozens of eggs.
• linking verbs - do not express action; they connect, or link, the subject to the predicate
• example: Ken is one of my best friends.

Sentences

1. Simple Sentence - complete thought, has a subject and a predicate, can be in inverted order (usually questions), sometimes the subject is you understood, can also be called independent clauses
• example: The mother took her daughter home.
2. Compound Sentence - 2 simple sentences united by either a conjunction preceded by a comma, or a semicolon (;), when incorrect punctuation is used it is called a run-on sentence.
• example: The teacher explained the types of sentences (,and or ;) she gave us a quiz
3. Complex Sentence - 1 simple sentence (independent clause) and a fragment (phrase, verbal clause, dependent clause)
• example: Since I started studying, my grades have improved.
• Fragment - since I started studying
• Sentence - My grades have improved.
4. Complex-Compound Sentence - two or more independent clauses with one or more subordinate clause
• example: When Jeff ran for president, I planned his campaign, and I designed the logo he used.
5. Run-On Sentence - two or more independent clauses with incorrect punctuation.
• example: Chisholm ran for president she lost the primaries.
6. Sentence Fragment - a group of words that does not have a complete thought
• example: In his history book

Nouns in Sentences

• Nouns have a lot of different uses on sentences, these are:
• subject - what the sentence talks about
• example: María is going to the park.
• direct object - action verb’s answer to Whom? or What?  
• example: He gave food to them.
• indirect object - there must be a direct object for there to be one; action verb’s answer to To whom?, To what?, For whom? or For what?
• example: The waiter gave her the bill.
• predicate noun or nominative - it is in the predicate of a linking verb
• example: A dictionary is a useful tool.
• object of the preposition - noun of a prepositional phrase
• example: She got to school through the forest.
• We can also find predicate adjectives in sentence, these work like a predicate nominative. They must also be used with a linking verb also.
• example: The table is red.

Literature

• Conflict is a struggle or clash between opposing characters or opposing forces. In simple words problems or situations the characters face.   There are two different types of conflict.
• external- the character struggles against an outside force.  This can be another character (man vs. man), society as a whole (man vs. society), or something in nature (man vs. nature).
• internal-  takes place entirely in within a character's own mind.  This struggle is between opposing needs, desires or emotions of a single character. (man vs. himself)
• Plot is a series of related events that make up a story or drama.  Plot is what happens in a story, novel, or play.  An outline showing the “bare bones” of a plot would include the following:
• basic situation or exposition-  gives information about the setting, characters and their problems or conflicts
• rising action-  this includes the complications that make the solution of the conflict or conflicts difficult to achieve; additional secondary characters are introduced
• climax- the moment of greatest emotional intensity or suspense in a plot.  It usually marks the moment when the conflict(s) is/are decided one way or another
• falling action, resolution or denouement-  finale or solution to the conflict(s); loose ends are tied.
• Conflict creates suspense, and suspense is what keeps us turning the pages.  The authors use various methods in creating suspense.
• foreshadowing - a writer may give clues-sometimes even false clues- that hint at the story’s outcome
• mystery - the author withholds information from the reader; unusual and mysterious circumstances also are used
• dilemma - when a character is in peril or must choose between two dangerous courses of action
• reversal - a sudden change in a character’s situation from good to bad or vice-versa