Poetry Review

Vocabulary

1. poetry - rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination, usually arranged in lines and often has a regular pattern of rhythm or a rhyme scheme
2. stanza - a group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit of thought, it is the equivalent to a paragraph in poetry
3. couplet - two successive lines of poetry
4. quatrain - four line units
5. refrain - repeated sound, word, phrase, line or group of lines (like a chorus)
6. meter - a pattern of stressed (/) and unstressed (u) syllables in poetry
7. scanning - indicating the stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem
8. rhyme - repetition of accented vowel sounds and all sounds following them in words that are close together in a poem
9. rhythm - musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables or other sound patterns
10. iamb - a unit of measure consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
11. Iambic Pentameter - line of poetry that contains five iambs
12. imagery - language that appeals to the senses
13. onomatopoeia - use of words whose sound imitate or suggest their meaning
14. figures of speech - word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another, but is not literally true; the most common figures are simile, metaphor and personification
15. personification - giving an object or animal human characteristics
16. simile - comparing two unlike things using a word such as like, as, than, or resembles
17. metaphor - an imaginative comparison between two unlike things in which one thing is said to be another (no linking word)
• extended metaphor - is a metaphor developed over several lines in a poem
• dead metaphor - is a metaphor that is used so often we don't see it as a figure of speech
• implied metaphor - is an indirect metaphor
• mixed metaphor - is the inconsistent use of two or more metaphors, common problem of bad writing and often unintentionally funny
18. hyperbole - a humorous exaggeration
19. alliteration - repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close together
20. assonance - repetition of similar vowel sounds in words that are close in a poem
21. Ballad - songlike poems that tell a story
22. Epic - long poem that tells adventures of heroes
23. Lyric - short poem that expresses feelings or thought
24. Narrative - poem that tells a story
25. Free Verse - poetry that has no rhyme and is generally arranged in lines
26. Prose Poem - compact and rhythmic composition written in paragraph form that uses figures of speech
27. Sonnet - fourteen-line poem usually written in iambic pentameter that rhymes
28. Shakespearean Sonnet - poetry written in three quatrains where lines one and three, and lines two and four rhyme and a concluding couplet
29. Limerick - short, humorous or nonsensical poem that is believed to be Irish
30. Haiku - most famous form of Japanese poetry
31. Concrete Poem - a poem that takes the shape of an object which you are talking about
32. Cinquain - five line poem that has no rhyme, each line has a specific number of words and syllables
33. Meter - a pattern of stressed (/) and unstressed (u) syllables in poetry
34. poet laureate - very famous and recognized poet (like Robert Frost)

Structure of Poems

• Poetry is a kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery. It is usually arranged in lines and often has a regular pattern of rhythm. It sometimes has a rhyme scheme too.
• Poems may be written in different structures, they may be written in:
• stanzas - group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit of thought (paragraphs)
• couplets - two successive lines in poetry that are equally long and may rhyme
• quatrains - four line units where lines one and three and two and four rhyme (abab)
• Refrain is the repeated sound, word, phrase, line or group of lines. This is the equivalent to a chorus, and it may be used to:
• build rhythm
• provide emphasis or commentary
• create suspense
• hold a work together
• Poetry that has no pattern of rhythm or rhyme is called free verse. The poet may try to capture the natural rhythm of an ordinary conversation. They're generally arranged in lines, and commonly use:
• internal rhyme (rhyme inside the poem, not at the end of the lines)
• repetition
• alliteration (repetition of consonant sounds)
• onomatopoeia (use of words to imitate)
• imagery
• metaphors (comparing without a linking word)
• similes (comparing with a linking word)

Types of Poems

• There are four types of poems which are the most famous. These are:
• ballads - songlike poem that tells stories of tragedy or adventure using simple language and a lot of repetition, usually have rhythm and rhyme
• epics - long poems that tell the adventures of heroes, are written with majestic style
• lyrics - short poems that express the feelings or thoughts of a speaker, expresses emotions
• narratives - poems that tell a story

Forms of Poems

• Prose poems are compact and rhythmic compositions written in paragraph form. It uses vivid figures of speech.
• Sonnets are fourteen-line lyric poems that are usually written with the iambic pentameter. There are two kinds:
• Petrarchian or Italian Sonnet
• Shakespearean Sonnet (three quatrains and a concluding couplet)
• Limericks are short, humorous or nonsensical poems that have five lines that have a definite rhythm of thirteen beats and a definite rhyme scheme (aabba). Are believed to have originated in Ireland; they have Irish origins.
• Haikus are the most famous forms of Japanese poetry that have seventeen syllables (five in lines one and three and seven in line two). Haikus are three-line snapshots of emotions relating to nature.
• Concrete poems are poems that takes the shape of the object about which you're expressing your thoughts, ideas or feelings.
• Cinquains are five-line poems that have no rhyme. Each line of a cinquain has a specific amount of words and a specific amount of syllables and a part of speech requirement. There are two types:
• traditional cinquain (based on syllable count)
• modern cinquain (based on a word count of words of a certain type)

Elements of Poetry

• Meter is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. Stressed syllables are marked with the (/) symbol, and unstressed ones with a curved symbol, similar to the letter u. When you indicate the stressed and unstressed syllables in a poem, you are scanning it.
• Rhyme is the repetition of accented vowel sounds and all the sounds following them in words that are close together in a poem. There are four different types of rhymes, these are:
• end rhymes (rhyme scheme)
• I have to speak, I must, I should, I ought
• I'd tell you how I love you if I thought
• internal rhyme
• Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning.
• approximate rhymes (words that almost rhyme, pronunciation may be modified to create rhyme)
• leave - live
• field - held
• visual rhymes (look like they rhyme, but they don't)
• through - cough
• Rhythm is the musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllable, and certain other sound patterns. There are two ways of creating rhythm:
• by the regular repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables
• by repeating words and phrases, or even by repeating whole lines and sentences
• The Iambic Pentameter is a line of poetry that contains five iambs.
• An iamb is a unit of measurement used in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
• Imagery is language that appeals to the senses. Imagery can appeal to:
• visual (most images)
• touch
• hearing
• smell
• taste
• several senses at once
• Onomatopoeia is the use of words whose sounds imitate something.
• And in the hush of the waters...
• Figures of speech are words and phrases that describe one thing in terms of another. It is not meant to be taken literally. The most common figures of speech are:
• similes (comparison between unlike things using words such as like, as, than, or resembles)
• metaphors (imaginative comparison with no linking word)
• extended metaphors (developed over several lines)
• dead metaphors (is not recognized because of frequent use)
• implied metaphor (does not tell us directly that one thing is something else)
• mixed metaphor (inconsistent use of two or more metaphors, it's a problem of bad writing and is sometimes unintentionally funny)
• personifications (giving an object or an animal human feelings, thoughts or attitudes)
• Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds in words that are close together.
• Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds in words that are close together.
• Hyperbole is an exaggeration used to create humor.

Famous Poems

Lyrical

• The Bat - Theodore Roethke (Lyrical)
• Graduation Morning - Pat Mora (Lyrical)
• If I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking - Emily Dickinson (Lyrical)
• Mooses - Ted Hughes (Lyrical)
• The Pasture - Robert Frost (Lyrical)
• Sarah Cynthia Silvia Stout Would Not Take The Garbage Out - Shel Silverstein (Lyrical)
• A Time to Talk - Robert Frost (Lyrical)

Narrative

• Casey at the Bat - Ernest Lawrence Thayer (Narrative)
• The Highwayman - Alfred Noyes (Narrative)

Ballad

• Ode to an Artichoke - Pablo Neruda (Ballad)

Epics

• Iliad - Greek (Epic)
• Odyssey - Greek (Epic)
• Aeneid - Roman (Epic)
• El Cantar del Mío Cid - Spanish (Epic)
• Beowulf - English (Epic)
• Gilgamesh - Mesopotamian (Epic)

NOTE THIS IS JUST A REVIEW. REMEMBER TO STUDY FROM YOUR NOTES AND THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION GIVEN BY THE TEACHER.

Meter

Rhyme Scheme