Chapter 4, Sections 2 & 3 Review

Section 2
Vocabulary

1. polis: Greek city-state; consisted of a major city and its surrounding countryside
2. acropolis: highest and most fortified point within a Greek city-state where there were luxurious temples
3. citizen: free residents that shared a responsibility for their city-state's triumphs and defeats
4. monarchy: government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power
5. aristocracy: government in which a hereditary landholding elite rules
6. oligarchy: government in which a small, wealthy elite has the power
7. phalanx: massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
8. Sparta: distinguished Greek city-state in Laconia (south part of Peloponnesus) built by the Dorians that stressed military virtues and stern discipline, it was about the size of Connecticut (biggest polis)
9. Athens: distinguished Greek city-state in Attica (north of Peloponnesus) that extended political rights
10. democracy: government developed in Athens in which the people hold the power
11. tyrant: people who gained power by force, but were not necessarily bad leaders
12. legislature: lawmaking body that debated laws and decided to approve or reject them

Greece

• The Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were central to Greek development.
• The Greeks absorbed a lot from Mesopotamia and Egypt.
• All Greeks shared culture, religion, language, festivals, and Hellen as an ascendant.
• Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula; it's divided by mountains and water, which made Greeks develop in small city-states.
• Greeks were polytheistic and believed the gods lived on Mount Olympus and Zeus was the most powerful Olympian; his children were Ares (god of war), Aphrodite (goddess of love) and Athena (goddess of wisdom).
• The Greek considered people who did not speak Greek (barbaroi), like Egyptians, Indians, and Phoenicians, inferior.
• The sea offered many trade opportunities for Greeks; they became skilled sailors and traded olive oil, wine, and marble throughout the Mediterranean.
• The Phoenician alphabet was adapted by the Greeks.
• Rapid population growth in 750 B.C. made Greek culture spread around the Mediterranean.
• In a Greek polis; there was:
• An acropolis (high city) situated on top of a hill that included temples and monuments.
• An agora (market) that served as a place for trade and confraternization, in lower land.
• There were also theaters, public buildings, and home in lower land with the agora.
• Polis populations were small, so citizens felt responsible for their city-state's decisions.
• Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C. several types of governments developed in Greece:
1. A hereditary throne results in a monarchy (ruled by a king)
2. Power shifts to nobles and creates an aristocracy (hereditary landholding elite rules)
3. Trade expands and the middle class' power increases and creates an oligarchy (small, wealthy elite has the power)
• By 650 B.C. military technology increased the power of the middle class.
• Bronze weapons were replaced by cheaper iron ones, making them more accessible.
• The phalanx emerged and reduced class differences by increasing teamwork.

Athens

• Located on a hill in Attica (north of the Peloponnesus), walled and of small size and population.
• The government developed from a monarchy to an aristocracy to a limited democracy.
• Under the aristocracy, the polis' wealth and power grew, yet discontent spread amongst ordinary people.  This led to a slow government transition by the people.
• Athenian homes were very simple; however, the acropolis and gymnasiums (learned arts, sciences & philosophies) were very luxurious.  Houses had no windows facing the streets because they were very dirty.
• Gave importance to the arts and knowledge; the goddess Athena was their patron and they had a very pretty acropolis, it was the ideal Greek city-state.
• Poseidon also wanted to be Athens' patron, so Athena and he gave gifts to the Athenians.  Poseidon gifts horses and Athena olive trees; they pick Athena.
• Education was a priority.  Boys stayed at home with their mothers until age 7 and girls until age 13.  Athenians educated with moral and taught life lessons.
• Education is a big contrast between Sparta and Athens.  In Athens, it is taught to "Live for Athens." while it is taught to "Die for Sparta." in Sparta.
• Women were treated as inferior beings.
• Were put into a marriage arranged by their parents at age 13; a party was thrown at the wife's house first and then they went to the husband's in caravan.  Most wives wore orange dresses.
• They couldn't vote or get educated and did not leave the house unless they were poor and had to work.  Women of class stayed home raising the children and cleaning.
• Played a significant role in religion.
• Their wedding day was the only occasion on which they socialized freely. 
• Unlike men, who were very educated, they only learned the basics (reading, writing, math; like Spartans).
• Men were highly educated.  They were required to learn to play 1 instrument (usually the lyre) and know the Odyssey and the Iliad.  They were in school since age 7 and learned public speaking, letters (reading & writing), music, arithmetic, and gymnastics and wrestling.
• Pedagogues carried children's books and punished them if they did something bad.
• School opened extremely early and closed late; Solon had to limit school hours from sunrise to sunset.
• Wrote with a stylus on wax-covered wood.
• School finished when they turned 18.  After school, they served a couple of years in the army and were then given full citizen rights.
• Athens' government slowly developed to become the birthplace of the idea of democracy.
• First, there was a monarchy.
• Second came an oligarchy in which archons (3 nobles) ruled.
• Thirdly came the tyrants and reformers who began to craft the idea of democracy.
• Athenian "democracy" was very limited, only landowning men partook, but it was a huge advance in their time.
• Even though most times we think about tyrants we think of them in a negative aspect; these tyrants attained power by moving people due to Athenian democracy's injustices and archons' mistakes and implemented reforms that positively impacted the city-state.
• Solon was one of Athens' main democratic reformers; he was a wise and trusted leader.
• Appointed archon (chief official) in 594 B.C.
• Abolished slavery by debt.
• Opened high offices to citizens and gave the Assembly more power (steps towards democracy).
• Granted citizenship to foreigners.
• Limited school hours from sunrise to sunset.
• Encouraged the export of wine and olive oil, benefiting merchants and farmers.
• Pisistratus is an example of a good tyrant.
• Seized power in 546 B.C.
• Gave farmer loans by taking land from nobles.
• Gave poor citizens more voice.
• Stated that if you die in the war, your family will be taken care of.
• Cleisthenes was another important reformer.
• Was in power in 507 B.C.
• Established a limited democracy in which only slaves, women & non-landowners did not have the right to vote.
• Set up the Council of 500, whose members were chosen amongst all citizens over age 30.
• They prepared laws and supervised the government.
• Made the Assembly a genuine legislature.
• All male citizens were members of the Assembly and expected to participate.
• Athenians believed in burying their dead.

Sparta

• Established by the Dorians (who were illiterate) from the north; located in Laconia (south Peloponnesus).
• Even though most Greek city-states were up on hills and walled, Sparta was in low-land and not walled because "they had a wall of men (powerful army)."
• Slavery existed; Helots lived in Laconia before Dorian settlement and were enslaved.  They greatly outnumbered Spartans, who were always armed in constant fear of their rebellion.
• Spartans didn't talk much; they were laconic (person who uses few words) and isolated themselves from other Greeks.
• Their priority was military, so the city was pretty ugly.
• Owe their military ways to Lycurgus, who took power young when his older brother (a Spartan king) died.  As soon as Lycurgus' brother died people started spreading rumors he wanted to take over, so he traveled the world and observed what makes people happy and sad.  He extracted the best things to apply to Sparta and when he consulted with an oracle it said he should go to Sparta and implant his reforms.
• His reforms to the government were one of the most important; he established a rule of:
• 2 kings
• senate or council (lawmaking and decision-making body made up of 28 men older than 60 who were elected for life)
• assembly (laconic body [yes/no] made up of all Spartan-born men older than 30)
• 5 ephors (supervised the kings)
• Also reformed customs and redistributed land and slaves equally.
• Thought money did not equal happiness, so he took gold and silver coins and replaced them for big and heavy iron bars to discourage wealth.
• These bars were only accepted in Sparta, so they also discouraged trade.
• Removed unnecessary occupations, like stylists and entertainers.
• Stated that everything in your house (including the structure) had to be made by you.
• Encouraged simpleness, to which Spartans quickly accustomed.
• Lycurgus had made all Spartan citizens swear they wouldn't change laws while he went to the Oracle; the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi tells him that "As long as Sparta follows your laws, it will grow." so he kills himself (for Sparta) so the laws won't change.
• Women were very free, respected and could inherit (envied by women around Greece); they stayed home and ran the home while husbands fought, bathed in wine and exercised to be fit to have healthy babies, mothers didn't raise their children though, Spartan children (boys):
• Were left to die if they looked weak or sickly.
• Spartans believed the first wine bath made the baby stronger.
• Raised by a nanny up to age 6 (until age 7) at their homes.
• Spartan nannies were recognized and requested by powerful people across Greece; they were good at what they did.
• Alexander the Great was raised by a Spartan nanny.
• Starting at age 7, they lived in barracks (school) where they learned a little reading, writing, music, and math, but were mainly toughened by a harsh diet and intense exercise (gymnastics, wrestling, racing) to become great soldiers, obedient and tolerant to pain.
• They were not given enough food and encouraged to steal, but were beaten twice if caught.
• Wore the same tunic all year, were responsible for washing it.
• Under constant supervision to perform their assigned tasks; misbehaved children were bitten.
• Children walked around with their hands in their tunics and would not respond if you talked to them.
• Whipped in front of Artemis' temple; if you were tolarant to pain you'd bring honor to your family.
• Required to build own bed at age 12.
• Could marry from age 20, but continued living in the barracks.
• In the barracks you joined a mess (group of around 15 men) whom you did everything with; this was very important to them and a man with no mess was a disgrace.
• You ate with your mess in mess halls.
• Moved out of the barracks and took part in the Assembly at age 30
• Stopped eating at the barracks at age 60
• Spartan girls were raised to be good mothers and wives, and Spartan boys were raised to give their life for Sparta, be a good soldier, obedient and tolerant to pain.  From a young age, the boys were told by their mothers to "Come back with your shield, or on it."
• The shields were very heavy, so this basically meant not to flee.
• Before going to fight in the war, men did their hair and got styled.
• The most popular food was a black broth that was disgusting to non-Spartans; generally, all families pitched in to make the food.
• People said "Spartans are willing to die because they have no reason to live."

Section 3
Vocabulary

1. alliance: formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense
2. Pericles: able Athenian statesman who lead the polis to its cultural and economic peak
3. direct democracy: system of government in which citizens participate directly in day-to-day affairs of government rather than through elected representative
4. stipend: a fixed salary paid to public office holders
5. jury: legal group of people sworn to make a decision in a legal case
6. ostracism: practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatens democracy

Persian Wars

• The Persian Empire (present day Iran) was huge, conquering from Asia Minor to India.
• Persians allowed Greek colonies to establish on their land but required pay; however, around 500 B.C. the emperor (Darius) began demanding soldiers.
• Ionia was one of these city-states that resented their situation; in 499 B.C. Ionian Greeks (colonies in Persia) rebelled.
• Darius decided to put an end to the Greek colonies in his land; Miletus goes ask Sparta for help; they decline because the emperor's house was too far.  Athens agrees to help them but their forces are crushed.
• Miletus' Revolution is the root of the Persian Wars.
• Darius wondered who dares send help, but he had other wars to attend, so he gets a slave to remind him every morning by telling him "Master, remember the Athenians."
• 8 years passed and Mardonius (Persian general) was sent to attack Athens; the Persians attack by the coast with forces on boats and on foot.  Many of these forces died when they faced a terrible storm at Mt. Athos that destroyed 300 boats, the rest retreated.
• 2 years more passed and the Persians decide to attack directly to Athens, instead of moving along the coast; however, the Persians give the opportunity to surrender to the Athenians by giving them a gift of land and water, but the Athenians do not surrender.
• The gifts of land and water were symbolic: "My land and water are yours."

• Hippias was an Athenian traitor who agreed to open the gates for the Persians.
• Sparta was 150 miles away from Athens; Pheidippides was sent to run from Athens to Sparta, through rivers and mountains, without stopping, to ask for help with the imminent Persian attack.
• He arrives at the Spartan senate 2 days later and is told that he must wait 5 days, until the next full moon, for them to help them because they must hold a ritual to Apollo, but Athens was in danger and could not wait.
• Pheidippides runs back to Athens, on his way he sees the god Pan (maybe dehydration) who says if they build him an altar he'd help them, so they do.
• The Athenian army, led by Miltiades (Athenian general who had once fought for Persia), runs 24 miles to Marathon to stop the Persians because they knew about the traitor; Pheidippides went with them even though he was given the choice to rest.
• Marathon is a plain called like that because of Pheidippides' run.
• Boeotia owed Athens favors because Athens was always helping everyone, so they sent troops.
• Athenians are outnumbered but Pan creates panic and the Persians retreat on boats.
• Pheidippides dies on his way back to Athens to announce the victory.
• The Athenians ran to beat the Persians who headed to Athens on their boats after retreating from Marathon, the Athenians beat them and the Persians retreated when they saw them waiting for them.
• The Battle of Marathon (9/11/490BC) was the first battle of the Persian Wars and the first time the east ever fought the west; the Athenians thought they were the best after coming out victorious.
• The Persians were only affected in their pride when they lost.
• Themistocles was the only one who foresaw the Persians returning; he was also made fun of because he couldn't play the lyre.
• 10 years after the Battle of Marathon Persia Mardonius convinces the new king, Xerxes (Darius' son), to strike back with over 200,000 troops recruited from 46 nations for 3 years and trained from 3 more.  Darius had died in another war and the emperor was now Xerxes.
• 10,000 of these were 'The Immortals', the elite Persian force.  There were always exactly 10,000 of which 9,000 carried silver spears and 1,000 golden spears.
• Some were also Ethiopians, blacks dressed with animal skins, painted half-red, half-white, that wear scalped horse heads and bronze helmets with horns.
• Caspians and Arabians also fought with the Persians,
• The Persians and Medas were the only ones that wore pants to battle.
• By Spring of 480 B.C. the Persians were ready to attack; they arrive at Hellespont where they must cross a stretch and build a bridge with boats, but a storm soon comes and destroys it.
• Xerxes ordered to kill everyone involved in the bridge building and whipped the sea 300 times.
• The Greeks realized they're all in danger, so they meet at Corinth to establish 3 accords:
1. Unite while threatened by Persia
2. Send spies
3. Seek help from colonies (especially Sicily)
• As the Persian army advanced; they were given food through where they passed because everyone wanted them as allies since they thought they'd win.
• The colonies did not help the Greeks because they thought the Persians would win.
• Greek spies were given a tour of the Persian army to intimidate them.
• The Spartans are given military command; Leonidas led 300 fathers of boys to fight so the family would go on in case of death.  They decide to cut off (delay) the Persians at the Thermopylae Valley because it was a thin stretch, so only a manageable amount (less than 200) could fight at once and the Persian outnumbering would not be an advantage.
• Ephialtes was a traitor; he showed the Persians a way to attack at night through the mountains and all the 300 Spartans died.
• Greeks had different points of view regarding the situation.
• Themistocles said they must fight in boats to win (Athenians had never fought in boats before).
• Aristides "The Fair" said they must keep giving resources to troops, not spend on boats.
• Ostracism is conducted (one man is exiled because he poses a threat to democracy) and Aristides was ostracized even though he was a good man, but Themistocles was right.
• Some people resented how he was called "The Fair", some voted for him to be ostracized merely because of this.
• Themistocles convinces the Greeks for his tactics to all go to the island of Salamis and leave Greece empty.
• The oracle had told him "Divina Salamis", that many will die there, but he interprets that the Persians will be the ones dying since it said divine.
• It also said "Those who survive are behind walls of wood" and he thought the boats were the walls of wood.
• Persians burn Athens while the Greeks are on the island of Salamis; this causes the Greeks to want to return because they don't want the city-states burnt.
• Themistocles sends a message to Xerxes saying how they should attack now because they Greeks were leaving; he did this because the Persians had big boats that wouldn't be able to move well in the thin stretch between Salamis and Athens, unlike the small Greek boats that wouldn't withstand Aegean storms.
• Greece wins and Xerxes leaves ashamed; Mardonius stays and reburns Athens but dies later in the last battle, in 479 B.C. at Platea.
• Athenians got the prestige for the victory, mainly Themistocles.
• Themistocles ordered the long walls be built from the city to Piraeus (Athenian port); the Spartans did not like this idea and were bothered by Athens getting the victory prestige.
• Herodotus is considered the "Father of History"; he wrote about the Persian Wars with influences from the gods.
• According to him, the goddess Nemesis punished and interfered.
• Other historians include:
• Thucydides was the best historian of his age; he wrote about the Peloponnesian Wars without godly influences.  He wanted to be a warrior and was appointed as general but arrived late to his battle and was fired; he died before finishing the last sentence of his history.
• Plutarch was a Roman-age (later) accidental historian that became famous because of his book "Parallel Lives" in which he compared the daily life of a Greek to that of a Roman.

Age of Pericles (Golden Age)

• The years after the Persian Wars (460 B.C. - 429 B.C.) were a golden age for Athens under the rule of the wise and skillful Pericles.
• Pericles took power after Aristeides died; he took Athenian democracy and culture to its greatest height during the Golden Age (50 years).
• During this age, there were three main social classes:
1. citizens (free Athenians)
2. metics (businessmen, had money)
3. slaves
• Periclean Athens was a direct democracy, so citizens did not vote for representatives; they directly voted for decisions.
• A Council of 500 (Boule) and an Assembly (Ecclesia) were pre-established.
• Members of the council met at the bouleuterion and slept in nearby Tholos in order to be able to respond to emergencies.  Citizens served one year if selected for the council.
• The Ecclesia is the assembly of all citizens of Athens; they met about 3 times a month outside the city on Pnyx hill.  They would gather and debate important issues and vote on laws.  Once a year they voted to ostracize someone by writing their name on an ostrakon.
• Pericles believed everyone should participate in the government, so he began to pay a stipend to men who participated in the Assembly and its governing board.
• Athenians also served on juries and made decisions on trials; Athenian juries were made up of hundreds or thousands.  Citizens over age 30 were chosen to serve for a year.
• A solid disc was a vote for innocence and a disk with a hole a vote for guilt.
• Public figures who presented a threat to democracy were ostracized (democratically exiled), people chose who to ostracize.  After ostracism, a person usually had to live outside the city for 10 years.
• Pericles also directed the rebuilding of the Acropolis the Persians had destroyed with the help of a foreign-born woman named Aspasia.
• A typical day for an Athenian noble in the Golden Age consisted of:
• Bread & wine for breakfast
• Everyone ate this, even kids
• Leaving to the agora (market) to go buy the day's food and necessities
• Employees bought while the nobles socialized
• Head off to do something for Athens (judge, supervise work...)
• Go to the Assembly to discuss new laws (every 10 days)
• Eat a light lunch
• Go to the gymnasium to exercise, train, and hear philosophers discuss
• The Academy was the most famous gymnasium
• Men ate dinner together while the wife went eat with the kids separately
• Symposium (after-dinner entertainment show)
• Men drank and watched dancing women (prostitutes)
• The young partied while slaves took the old to sleep. (?)

Greek Alliances

• The Delian League is a union of Greek city-states that began with the purpose to assure defense resources in case of a Persian attack but they also helped Persian colonies become independent; it is named like this because they met at Delos Island (because it was very accessible to all Greeks).
• Athens quickly assumes the role of leader of the Delian League and began to take the resources to build an Athenian Empire, moving the treasury from Delos to Athens and forcing polis to stay.
• Around this time, Themistocles is accused of fraud and ostracized; he goes to Persia because no other Greek city-state would give hm asylum.  Xerxes was very excited to have him; it's said he couldn't sleep.
• Themistocles dies; it's believed he committed suicide to not treason Athens.
• Even though Aristeides was ostracized as well, he fought in the Persian Wars and became in charge after Themistocles was ostracized.
• After Aristeides dies, Pericles "The Olympic" takes charge.
• Sparta created the Peloponnesian League; this led to a civil war which Sparta wins.
• Thebes allies with Sparta, but history repeats and Sparta starts bossing Thebes.  Thebes soon attacks Sparta and wins.
• The Peloponnesian War broke out between Sparta and Athens in 431 B.C., but soon engulfed all of Greece and lasted 27 years.
• Sparta defeated Athens because it is inland and Athens could not use its navy.
• Also, since the Spartans were near, Pericles allowed people from the countryside to move inside the city walls.  The overcrowded conditions led to a plague that killed many Athenians, including Pericles.
• Sparta allied itself with Persia in 404 B.C. and was able to capture Athens with the help of their ally's navy.
• The civil wars were of great harm to Greece; three cities held power during this time:
• First, it was Athens with the Delian League
• Second was Sparta after it beat Athens allied with Thebes in the Peloponnesian League
• Lastly, Thebes counterattacks Sparta because of the same reason Sparta attacked Athens
• After the civil wars, the Greeks hated each other.
• The vitality and spirit of Athens and Greece, in general, declined after these wars, but a new power rose to the north of Greece, the Kingdom of  Macedonia, by 359 B.C. its ruler wanted to conquer the Greek city-states.

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References

Esler, Anthony and Elisabeth Garnor Ellis.  Prentice Hall: World History.  New Jersey: Pearson, 2014.  Web.